Plastic shopping bags that get carried away from the side of roads and tangled on cotton plants can end up at cotton gins if not removed before the harvest. Such bags may not only cause problem in the ginning process but might also get embodied in cotton fibers reducing its quality and marketable value. Therefore, it is required to detect, locate, and remove the bags before cotton is harvested. Manually detecting and locating these bags in cotton fields is labor intensive, time-consuming and a costly process. To solve these challenges, we present application of four variants of YOLOv5 (YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l and YOLOv5x) for detecting plastic shopping bags using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)-acquired RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) images. We also show fixed effect model tests of color of plastic bags as well as YOLOv5-variant on average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP@50) and accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate the effect of height of plastic bags on the detection accuracy. It was found that color of bags had significant effect (p < 0.001) on accuracy across all the four variants while it did not show any significant effect on the AP with YOLOv5m (p = 0.10) and YOLOv5x (p = 0.35) at 95% confidence level. Similarly, YOLOv5-variant did not show any significant effect on the AP (p = 0.11) and accuracy (p = 0.73) of white bags, but it had significant effects on the AP (p = 0.03) and accuracy (p = 0.02) of brown bags including on the mAP@50 (p = 0.01) and inference speed (p < 0.0001). Additionally, height of plastic bags had significant effect (p < 0.0001) on overall detection accuracy. The findings reported in this paper can be useful in speeding up removal of plastic bags from cotton fields before harvest and thereby reducing the amount of contaminants that end up at cotton gins.

Boll Weevil（Anthonomus Grandis L.）是一种严重的害虫，主要以棉花为食。由于亚热带气候条件，在德克萨斯州的下里奥格兰德山谷等地方，棉花植物可以全年生长，因此，收获期间上一个季节的剩下的种子可以在玉米中的旋转中继续生长（Zea Mays L.）和高粱（高粱双色L.）。这些野性或志愿棉花（VC）植物到达Pinhead平方阶段（5-6叶阶段）可以充当Boll Weevil Pest的宿主。得克萨斯州的鲍尔象鼻虫根除计划（TBWEP）雇用人们在道路或田野侧面生长的风险投资和消除旋转作物的田间生长，但在田野中生长的植物仍未被发现。在本文中，我们证明了基于您的计算机视觉（CV）算法的应用，仅在三个不同的生长阶段（V3，V6）（V3，V6）中检测出在玉米场中生长的VC植物，以检测在玉米场中生长的VC植物的应用。使用无人飞机系统（UAS）遥感图像。使用Yolov5（S，M，L和X）的所有四个变体，并根据分类精度，平均平均精度（MAP）和F1得分进行比较。发现Yolov5s可以在玉米的V6阶段检测到最大分类精度为98％，地图为96.3％，而Yolov5s和Yolov5m的地图为96.3％，而Yolov5m的分类精度为85％，Yolov5m和Yolov5m的分类准确性最小，而Yolov5L的分类精度最少。在VT阶段，在尺寸416 x 416像素的图像上为86.5％。开发的CV算法有可能有效地检测和定位在玉米场中间生长的VC植物，并加快TBWEP的管理方面。

为了控制棉花场中的鲍尔象鼻虫（Anthonomus Grandis L.）害虫重新感染，目前的志愿棉花（VC）（VC）（gossypium hirsutum L.）植物检测玉米（Zea Mays L.）和Sorghum等旋转作物中的植物检测（高粱双色L.）涉及在田野边缘的手动田地侦察。这导致许多风险植物在田野中间生长仍未被发现，并继续与玉米和高粱并肩生长。当他们到达Pinhead平方阶段（5-6片叶子）时，它们可以充当鲍尔维尔虫害的宿主。因此，需要检测，定位，然后精确地用化学物质进行斑点。在本文中，我们介绍了Yolov5M在放射线和伽马校正的低分辨率（1.2兆像素）的多光谱图像中的应用，以检测和定位在康沃尔场的流苏中间（VT）生长阶段生长的VC植物。我们的结果表明，可以以平均平均精度（地图）为79％，分类精度为78％，大小为1207 x 923像素的分类精度为78％，平均推理速度在NVIDIA上的平均推理速度接近47帧（FPS） NVIDIA JETSON TX2 GPU上的Tesla P100 GPU-16GB和0.4 fps。我们还证明了基于开发的计算机视觉（CV）算法的定制无人飞机系统（UAS）的应用应用程序应用程序，以及如何将其用于近乎实时检测和缓解玉米领域中VC植物的近乎实时检测和缓解为了有效地管理鲍尔象鼻虫害虫。

自1800年代后期从墨西哥进入美国以来，棉花象鼻虫是Anthonomus Grandis Boheman是美国棉花行业的严重害虫，其损失超过160亿美元。这种害虫几乎被根除了。但是，得克萨斯州南部仍然面临这个问题，由于其亚热带气候可以全年生长，因此每年始终容易恢复有害生物。一旦到达销售虫（玉米），一旦它们到达销售虫的植物，志愿棉花（VC）植物一旦到达销子，可以作为这些害虫的宿主，一旦它们到达销钉头阶段（5-6叶阶段），因此需要检测到，位于，位于，位置，并被摧毁或喷涂。在本文中，我们介绍了一项研究，用于使用Yolov3在无人飞机系统（UAS）收集的三个频段航空图像上检测玉米田中的VC植物。本文的两倍目标是：（i）确定Yolov3是否可以使用UAS和（II）收集的RGB（红色，绿色和蓝色）在玉米场中进行VC检测来研究行为基于平均精度（AP），平均平均精度（MAP）和95％的95％的图像（320 x 320，s1; 416 x 416，s2; 416 x 416，s2;和512 x 512，s3像素）的图像上的yolov3的图像。信心水平。在三个量表之间，MAP没有显着差异，而S1和S3之间的AP存在显着差异（P = 0.04），S2和S3（P = 0.02）。 S2和S3之间的F1分数也存在显着差异（P = 0.02）。在所有三个量表上，MAP缺乏显着差异表明，训练有素的Yolov3模型可用于基于计算机视觉的远程试验的航空应用系统（RPAA），以实时实时实时进行VC检测和喷雾应用。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.

The task of reconstructing 3D human motion has wideranging applications. The gold standard Motion capture (MoCap) systems are accurate but inaccessible to the general public due to their cost, hardware and space constraints. In contrast, monocular human mesh recovery (HMR) methods are much more accessible than MoCap as they take single-view videos as inputs. Replacing the multi-view Mo- Cap systems with a monocular HMR method would break the current barriers to collecting accurate 3D motion thus making exciting applications like motion analysis and motiondriven animation accessible to the general public. However, performance of existing HMR methods degrade when the video contains challenging and dynamic motion that is not in existing MoCap datasets used for training. This reduces its appeal as dynamic motion is frequently the target in 3D motion recovery in the aforementioned applications. Our study aims to bridge the gap between monocular HMR and multi-view MoCap systems by leveraging information shared across multiple video instances of the same action. We introduce the Neural Motion (NeMo) field. It is optimized to represent the underlying 3D motions across a set of videos of the same action. Empirically, we show that NeMo can recover 3D motion in sports using videos from the Penn Action dataset, where NeMo outperforms existing HMR methods in terms of 2D keypoint detection. To further validate NeMo using 3D metrics, we collected a small MoCap dataset mimicking actions in Penn Action,and show that NeMo achieves better 3D reconstruction compared to various baselines.

Rigorous guarantees about the performance of predictive algorithms are necessary in order to ensure their responsible use. Previous work has largely focused on bounding the expected loss of a predictor, but this is not sufficient in many risk-sensitive applications where the distribution of errors is important. In this work, we propose a flexible framework to produce a family of bounds on quantiles of the loss distribution incurred by a predictor. Our method takes advantage of the order statistics of the observed loss values rather than relying on the sample mean alone. We show that a quantile is an informative way of quantifying predictive performance, and that our framework applies to a variety of quantile-based metrics, each targeting important subsets of the data distribution. We analyze the theoretical properties of our proposed method and demonstrate its ability to rigorously control loss quantiles on several real-world datasets.